Phospholipase D‐ and phosphatidic acid‐mediated phospholipid metabolism and signaling modulate symbiotic interaction and nodulation in soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>)

Symbiotic rhizobium–legume interactions, such as root hair curling, rhizobial invasion, infection thread expansion, cell division and proliferation of nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, nodule formation, involve extensive membrane synthesis, lipid remodeling cytoskeleton dynamics. However, little is known about these membrane–cytoskeleton interfaces related genes. Here, we report the roles a major phospholipase D (PLD), PLDα1, its enzymatic product, phosphatidic acid (PA), in rhizobium–root interaction nodulation. PLDα1 was activated PA content transiently increased roots after infection. Levels transcript PA, well actin tubulin cytoskeleton-related gene expression, changed markedly during root–rhizobium interactions development. Pre-treatment soybean seedlings with n-butanol suppressed generation PLD-derived expression early nodulation genes numbers. Overexpression or knockdown GmPLDα1 resulted changes levels, glycerolipid profiles, numbers, dynamics, hormone levels upon compared GUS roots. The genes, GmACTIN, GmTUBULIN, capping protein 1 (GmCP1) microtubule-associating (GmMAP1), were modified GmPLDα1-altered hairy those Phosphatidic physically bound to GmCP1 GmMAP1, which could be cytoskeletal rhizobium-infected mutant These data suggest that play important soybean–rhizobium possible underlying mechanisms, including PLDα1- PA-mediated signaling, remodeling, dynamics are discussed herein.